How to Write a Good Introduction to an Essay

How to Write a Good Introduction to an EssayThe introduction to an essay is a key part of the entire composition. It's usually where you introduce the topic or the writer and introduce your topic and thesis to the reader. It doesn't have to be lengthy, but it should get across the main idea of your paper.The main purpose of the introduction is to get the reader involved, to convince them to take the rest of the paper seriously. It's the reason that the subject matter of your paper will have to be presented in a specific way.Let's say that you're writing about the strong points of a certain topic. Your introduction will have to clearly show the reader what those strong points are, without making it seem like it's just another summary of every other section. This is where the introduction has to differ from a summary.How to write a good introduction is an art that can be learned. It's a skill that can only be acquired through practice and experience. But no matter how skilled a writer you are, it will still be frustrating and time consuming. If you don't like writing papers, then this is the one skill that you must have, and the one skill that you must develop.But learning how to write a decent introduction requires a lot of preparation. You have to make sure that you get all of your ideas down on paper before you begin writing. If you don't have a complete idea of what you want to write, then you'll end up writing something else entirely.A good method for developing your introduction is to think about what exactly it is that you want to say. Then start writing, starting with an outline of your topic and thesis. From there, you can take out the ones that aren't needed for your essay and rewrite as many sections as necessary until you have them all right. Then start writing about those sections that you think would be most effective in showing your audience what you have to say.In the end, I think that the greatest benefit of having a plan in place for how to writ e a good introduction is that it allows you to take your work seriously. You'll realize more clearly what your subject is and how to present it to the audience. If you're unsure of how to take the final product of your writing and structure it so that it flows well, ask someone who is already good at writing to help you. They can give you their own advice and insight.If you want to learn how to write a good introduction to an essay, I hope that this article has been helpful. It's a skill that can be developed through practice and experience, and once you have it, it can make writing any paper that much easier.

New Experience in Learning by Mandy Navasero

Outline Sometimes, a few composed words may turn out to be significant and powerful for human life. The article viable is one of the models, where a couple of words speak to an away from of the present undertakings and mind blowing human accomplishments. The writer of this article portrays the method for how instructing of Vhic Dela Serna impacts one girl’s life and her impression of this world.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on New Experience in Learning by Mandy Navasero explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The educator concedes that the quest for greatness is one of those ideas that are nearly overlooked by individuals these days (Navasero, 2009). The courses of Graphic Design at iAcademy Institute in Ayala, Makati are one of a kind and fascinating as one of the educators incline toward non-customary methodologies and spotlights on nuts and bolts of configuration as well as on human characteristics that must be inborn to any supervisor and maker. He discloses to his understudies the thoughts on how it is important to think, work, and examine. Message In my assessment, one of the most significant messages of the article viable is the possibility that instruction might be of various kinds. The kind of instruction, offered by Dela Serna, is viewed as fruitful, powerful, and accommodating to numerous understudies. At the point when an understudy lauds a guide, it implies a ton. Tutor’s words and thoughts cause understudies to assess their lives and places in this world. It isn't sufficient to introduce the material and request that understudies get the hang of everything. It is critical to interface this material to students’ spirits and brains. Just such methodologies will be worth consideration and acknowledgment. Suggestions The material of this article might be applied in various manners. From a teacher’s point of view, this work might be broke down as one all the more dazzling thought on the most proficient method to improve instruction and draw in the consideration of numerous understudies to work. A few understudies can get high evaluations and be certain that their insight is suitable. In any case, it isn't in every case valid, in light of the fact that strong hypothetical foundation doesn't advance effective practice constantly. Understudies need to have enough factors that elevate them to create and self-improve. An instructing learning procedure might be improved by data of this article also. Numerous mentors attempt to utilize various strategies to begin their exercises and pull in students’ thoughtfulness regarding the material being talked about from the earliest starting point. When in doubt, every one of these techniques are excessively broad or effectively utilized by the others for ordinarily. This new involvement with learning, offered by the educator Dela Serna, might be viewed as rather intriguing and advantageous. When all is said in done, this article might be applied to instruction in a few different ways. To start with, the writer of this article isn't apprehensive about utilizing parental feelings and underlining that daughter’s experience was extensively improved by this instructor and his methods.Advertising Looking for paper on training? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the creator makes a superb endeavor to retell quickly the primary thoughts, created by this guide. It isn't anything but difficult to clarify the embodiment of the message in a few words, yet the writer of this article speaks to his impressions in an appropriate manner and shows how fruitful Serna’s thoughts for training are. Thirdly, this data assumes a critical job in training since it demonstrates that any mentor can improve his/her subject, empower understudies by methods for words, and find different students’ capacities. Confidence and influence are mandatory for training and the instructor from the article shows how these ideas really work. Reference List Navasero, M. (2009). New Experience in Learning. Inquirer Lifestyle. Web. This paper on New Experience in Learning by Mandy Navasero was composed and put together by client Natasha Estrada to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Fences Essay Topics

Fences Essay TopicsFences essay topics range from the simple to the complex, depending on the skill of the writer. Before you begin any essay you must first choose a topic that you can concentrate on.The first step in deciding on a topic for your essay topic is to consider your writing ability. If you are not quite good at writing, you will want to look for a topic that requires little or no writing skills. Such topics include history, religion, and current events.The next step is to determine the subject matter of your essay. A wide variety of subjects can be found in the different writing programs available. Some subjects that can be pursued in essay topics include elementary education, local news, and sports. Other subjects include employment, politics, and religion.The next step in the selection process of essay topics is to decide on the length of your essay. Many of the online writing programs allow you to select the length of your essay. In most cases you will be able to selec t from three to five paragraph format for your essay. By selecting the length of your essay, you can avoid lengthy essays that will not interest your reader.Another factor that can help you determine your essay topic is to ask yourself if you have any special talents or interests. You can write an essay on many subjects including sport, entertainment, and history, but by choosing a topic that has some interest to you, you can make it easier for you to write the essay. Also, you may find a topic that you enjoy and that you find interesting to write about.The last step in the process of selecting the right essay topic is to choose a topic that is interesting to you. You will want to research your topic, make notes, and review your essay before you begin to work on the writing. The more research you do beforehand, the more likely you are to have an enjoyable and successful essay.Fences essay topics have many aspects. Remember that you must focus on a subject or area of interest when yo u are writing your essay.

Catherine of Aragon - Marriage to Henry VIII

Continued from: Catherine of Aragon: Early Life and First Marriage The Dowager Princess of Wales When her young husband, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly in 1502, Catherine of Aragon was left with the title of Dowager Princess of Wales. The marriage had been meant to solidify the alliance of the ruling families of Spain and England. The natural next step was to marry Catherine to Arthurs younger brother, Henry, five years younger than Catherine. The political reasons for the marriage remained. Prince Henry had been promised to Eleanor of Austria. But fairly quickly, Henry VII and Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to pursue the marriage of Prince Henry and Catherine. Arranging Marriage and Fighting Over Dowry The next years were marked by acrimonious conflict between the two families over Catherines dowry. Though the marriage had taken place, the last of Catherines dowry had not been paid, and Henry VII demanded that it be paid. Henry reduced his support for Catherine and her household, to put pressure on her parents to pay the dowry, and Ferdinand and Isaella threatened to have Catherine return to Spain. In 1502, a draft of a treaty between the Spanish and English families was ready, and the final version was signed in June 1503, promising a betrothal within two months, and then, after Catherines second dowry payment was made, and after Henry turned fifteen, the marriage would take place. They were formally betrothed on June 25, 1503. To marry, they would need a papal dispensation -- because Catherines first marriage to Arthur was defined in church rules as consanguinity. The papers sent to Rome, and the dispensation which was sent from Rome, assumed that Catherines marriage to Arthur was consummated. The English insisted on adding this clause to cover all possible objections in the dispensation. Catherines duenna wrote at that time to Ferdinand and Isabella protesting this clause, saying that the marriage had not been consummated. This disagreement about the consummation of Catherines first marriage was later to become very important. Changing Alliances? The papal bull with the dispensation arrived in 1505. Meanwhile, in late 1504, Isabella had died, leaving no living sons. Catherines sister, Joanna or Juana, and her husband, Archduke Philip, were named Isabellas heirs to Castile. Ferdinand was still ruler of Aragon; Isabellas will had named him to govern Castile. Ferdinand contended for the right to govern, but Henry VII allied himself with Philip, and this led to Ferdinands acceptance of Philips rule. But then Philip died. Joanna, known as Juana the Mad, was not thought fit to rule herself, and Ferdinand stepped in for his mentally incompetent daughter. All this contention in Spain made alliance with Spain no longer quite as valuable to Henry VII and England. He continued to press Ferdinand for payment of Catherines dowry. Catherine, who had after Arthur died lived mostly apart from the royal court with her mostly Spanish household, still barely spoke English, and was often ill during those years. In 1505, with the confusion in Spain, Henry VII saw his chance to have Catherine moved to court, and to reduce his financial support of Catherine and her household. Catherine sold some of her property including jewels in order to raise funds for her expenses. Because Catherines dowry was still not fully paid, Henry VII began planning to end the betrothal and send Catherine home. In 1508, Ferdinand offered to pay the remaining dowry, at last -- but he and Henry VII still disagreed on how much was to be paid. Catherine asked to go back to Spain and become a nun. Henry VIIs Death The situation changed suddenly when Henry VII died on April 21, 1509, and Prince Henry became King Henry VIII. Henry VIII announced to the Spanish ambassador that he wanted to marry Catherine quickly, claiming that it was his fathers deathbed wish. Many doubt that Henry VII said any such thing, given his long resistance to the marriage. Catherine the Queen Catherine and Henry were married on June 11, 1509, at Greenwich. Catherine was 24 years old and Henry was 19. They had, in an unusual move, a joint coronation ceremony -- more often, queens were crowned after giving birth to the first heir. Catherine became somewhat involved in politics that first year. She was responsible in 1509 for the Spanish ambassador being recalled. When Ferdinand failed to follow through on a promised joint military action to conquer Guyenne for England, and instead conquered Navarre for himself, Catherine helped to calm the relationship between her father and husband. But when Ferdinand made similar choices to abandon agreements with Henry in 1513 and 1514, Catherine decided to forget Spain and everything Spanish. Pregnancies and Births In January, 1510, Catherine miscarried a daughter. She and Henry quickly conceived again, and with great rejoicing, their son, Prince Henry, was born on January 1 of the next year. He was made prince of Wales -- and died on February 22. In 1513, Catherine was again pregnant. Henry went to France with his army from June to October, and made Catherine Queen Regent during his absence. On August 22, the forces of James IV of Scotland invaded England; the English defeated the Scots at Flodden, killing James and many others. Catherine had the bloody coat of the Scottish king sent to her husband in France. That Catherine spoke to the English troops to rally them to battle is likely apocryphal. That September or October, Catherine either miscarried or a child was born who died very soon after birth. Sometime between November 1514 and February 1515 (sources differ on the dates), Catherine had another stillborn son. There was a rumor in 1514 that Henry was going to repudiate Catherine, as they still had no living children, but they remained together with no actual moves to separate legally at that time. Changing Alliances -- and Finally, an Heir In 1515, Henry again allied England with Spain and Ferdinand. The next February, on the 18th, Catherine gave birth to a healthy daughter who they named Mary, who would later rule England as Mary I. Catherines father, Ferdinand, had died on January 23, but that news was kept from Catherine to protect her pregnancy. With Ferdinands death, his grandson, Charles, son of Joanna (Juana) and thus nephew of Catherine, became the ruler of both Castile and Aragon. In 1518, Catherine, 32 years old, was again pregnant. But on the night of November 9-10, she gave birth to a stillborn daughter. She was not to become pregnant again. This left Henry VIII with a daughter as his only direct heir. Henry himself had become king only when his brother, Arthur, died, and so he knew how risky it was to have only a single heir. He also knew that the last time a daughter was the heir to the throne of England, Matilda daughter of Henry I, a civil war ensued when much of the nobility did not support a womans rule. Because his own father had come to power only after the long unstable time of family contention over the crown with the War of the Roses, Henry had good reason to be worried about the future of the Tudor dynasty. Some historians have suggested that the failure of so many of Catherines pregnancies was because Henry was infected with syphilis. Today, thats usually thought to be unlikely. In 1519, Henrys mistress, Elizabeth or Bessie Blount, gave birth to a son. Henry acknowledged the boy as his own, to be called Lord Henry FitzRoy (son of the king). For Catherine, this meant that Henry knew that he could produce a healthy male heir -- with another woman. In 1518, Henry arranged to have their daughter, Mary, betrothed to the French Dauphin, which was not to the liking of Catherine, who wanted Mary to marry her nephew and Marys first cousin, Charles. In 1519, Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor, making him considerably more powerful than he was as just the ruler of Castile and Aragon. Catherine promoted Henrys alliance with Charles when she saw that Henry seemed to be leaning towards the French. The Princess Mary, at age 5, was betrothed to Charles in 1521. But then Charles married someone else, ending that possibility for marriage. Catherines Married Life By most accounts, Henry and Catherines marriage was generally a happy or at least peaceful one, through most of their years together, aside from the tragedies of miscarriage, stillbirth and infant death. There were many indications of their devotion to each other. Catherine kept a separate household, with some 140 people in it -- but separate households was the norm for royal couples. Despite that, Catherine was noted for personally ironing her husbands shirts. Catherine tended to prefer to associate with scholars over participating in the social life of the court. She was known as a generous supporter of learning and also generous to the poor. Among the institutions she supported were Queens College and St. Johns College. Erasmus, who visited England in 1514, praised Catherine highly. Catherine commissioned Juan Luis Vives to come to England to complete one book and then write another which made recommendations for the education of women. Vives became a tutor for the Princess Mary. As her mother had overseen her education, Catherine saw to it that her daughter, Mary, was educated well. Among her religious projects, she supported the Observant Franciscans. That Henry valued Catherine and the marriage in their early years is attested to by the many love knots made up of their initials which decorate several of their homes and were even used to decorate his armor. The Beginning of the End Henry later said that hed stopped having marital relations with Catherine about 1524. On June 18, 1525, Henry made his son by Bessie Blount, Henry FitzRoy, the Duke of Richmond and Somerset and declared him second in line for succession after Mary. There were some rumors later that hed be named King of Ireland. But having an heir born out of wedlock was also risky for the future of the Tudors. In 1525, the French and English signed a peace treaty, and by 1528, Henry and England were at war with Catherines nephew, Charles. Next: The Kings Great Matter About Catherine of Aragon: Catherine of Aragon Facts | Early Life and First Marriage | Marriage to Henry VIII | The Kings Great Matter | Catherine of Aragon Books | Mary I | Anne Boleyn | Women in the Tudor Dynasty

Essay on The Brown-Forman Corporation - 1386 Words

The Brown-Forman Corporation is one of America’s largest producers and distributors of spirits and wines; selling to state governments, retailers, and wholesalers. Founded in 1870 in Louisville, Kentucky by George Garvin Brown, the company provides comprehensive industry services that span the expanse of manufacturing, marketing, bottling, importing and exporting, and sales of alcoholic beverages. The majority of their brands are globally recognized such as Jack Daniels, Southern Comfort, Finlandia Vodka, Woodford Reserve Bourbon, Canadian Mist, Korbel champagne, Chambord and more. Brown-Forman is recognized for its superior products and have traditionally catered to the high-end beverage market. Recent industry statistics regarding†¦show more content†¦To that end they have adopted a two prong approach beginning with renewed marketing approaches to increasing their market presence in the United States while growing the international business at a much more rapid pace. In addition they intend to increase their distribution centers across the globe while increasing their product lines. A recent business analysis pointed to the need for the latter as sales were showing signs of stagnation. Also, Brown-Forman is aggressively pursuing an online presence as another avenue for improving their bottom line. Their updated mission statement and slogan reflects a renewed outlook for potential sales – building forever. Brown-Forman considers every adult of drinking age to be a possible and probable customer. This mindset underscores the forward-thinking embraced by company principles. As well, Brown-Forman has recently purchased four breweries across the country to support another expansion strategy. The company intends to expand their presence in the ‘beer’ market and will piggyback their promotions on other ‘made in America’ campaigns that have been successful for a plethora of other products in the United States. 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Lyons Brown, Jr., president and chief executive officer of Brown-Forman Distillers Corporation, faced an important acquisition decision. The principal owners of Southern Comfort Corporation had approached Mr. Brown in May with an offer to sell the company at a price of $94.6 million. In preparing his response, Mr. Brown was evaluating the reasonableness of the asking priceRead MoreBrown Forman Financial Analysis8181 Words   |  33 PagesBrown-Forman Corporation Case Analysis The Company George Garvin Brown, a pharmaceutical salesman who had the idea to serve bourbon in sealable glass bottles, originally founded company in 1870. The brand that George started was originally known as Old Forester Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey, which became America’s first bottled bourbons, remains one of the best selling brands 140 years later. 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According to the Beverage Marketing Corporation, in 2014, alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and spirits, make up about 20% of the US beverage market. Beer continues to be Americans favored drink, with wine being second, and liquor being another beloved form of alcohol. The American

Discussion on Global Local Image

Question: Discuss about the Global Local Image. Answer: Global-local Image An image is a visual representation of an object, an animal or a person. Images can be in the form of sculptures, paintings, photographs. They depict, give an impression, and create ideas on how things or people are. Images can be produced or made into copies and stored in electronic forms. In the reproduction of art, two general types of printable images are used: half-tone images and line art images. Solid lines describe a line art on a page that is white. Half -tone images can also be termed as photographs and are quite complicated to reproduce due to their characteristics including gray tones. Images have two major types of descriptions, global descriptions, and local depictions. It has resulted in the minting of the terminology global-local image. Images are objects and their recognition in the past recent years has been developed rapidly because of improvements in technologies like machine learning. In the modern world, new approaches have been prepared like feature extraction techniques and more image databases being available. According to Susan (2015), an images global description describes the image as a whole; they have the ability to characterize the entire objects using a single vector. The global description is defined by its texture and color (Raoui et al. 2014). The global description can also be used for classification of images. Numerous object recognition systems and machines utilize the characteristics of global features that explicitly describe a whole picture. The shape, color, and texture of a picture make them very appealing to the eye because they create very sophisticated representations of an image. These characteristics of an image are sensitive to occlusion and clutter. As a result, its speculated that an enhanced fragmentation of the picture from the background is present or an image only contains one object (Larsin, 2015). Images local description is also termed as local features of a picture. Some of the features include position which is the pixel location, scale, and orientation. In the picture below, its features can be extracted. Fig: Showing local image features An image is encoded as shown below before indicating global or local features of an image. (image from D. Lowe, CVPR03 tutorial). Advantages of encoding an image a) Locality: There is less sensitivity to the images deformations in small partial neighborhoods. Occlusion of other parts of the image can be done. b) Distinctiveness: A small false matching possibility (for example 10-3) with a 0.7 0.9 detection rate can be achieved by encoding image neighborhoods. c) Applicability: One perspective of a textured object is sufficient for training so as to identify an object from a nearby 3D viewing directions (but possibly different image locations, image orientations and different scales. Among the common key challenges in computer vision research is object recognition. The majority of image recognition systems use either of the two approaches global or local approach. This is partly because of the problems which arise when one tries to integrate a single global vector within a set of local features. In scenarios where there is rough segmentation, combining local and global features is of benefit in any application (Larsin, 2015). There are two primary methods of combining global and local elements of an image. The classical method is by stacking and the second method is using classification hierarchy. In stacking, the output of multiple component classifiers is taken into account. Using various methods for classifying has been proved to have more precise results than the component classifiers if the classifiers are accurate and diverse in nature. Classification hierarchy uses a two-tier hierarchical classification method which utilizes both local and global features in succession. At the top most position the, classes which are not separable by global characteristics are grouped together into master classes. The global feature classifier is then trained on these master classes. A local feature classifier is then trained to distinguish between the original levels contained in each super-class. When a query image is categorized to belong to the super-class, it is authorized to the local characteristic classifier, that in later ascertains to which of the categories the image will fall. The reasoning behind this is that at the top level the images are categorized into broader, more separable, groups, and at the bottom. Visual text Every image contains within it a story to be covered. The optical (visual) text refers to text in which an object performs an important function in the audiences response (Health Direct, 2014). Words and images are always combined in creative ways to create meaning and make sense. Unique features of visual language provide aid in determining the kind of message that is being conveyed by a visual text. These features include layout (color, size, shape and position), image (symbols, graphic) and writing (message, position, and font). There are many different types of visual texts namely cartoons, paintings, photographs, brochures, picture books, posters, CD covers, web pages, postcards, advertisements and film posters. Visual texts like logos, emblems, symbols and insignia communicate a meaning to us. An example of a visual text is shown below (NSW Government health. 2015). In the widely used no smoking image. Image: No smoking sign (Source: NSW Government health. 2015). The images context is in places which are designated to be no smoking zones. The image was created with the purpose of creating awareness and informs people that smoking is not allowed in those particular places. The intended audience for this particular image is individuals who smoke cigarettes and might not be aware that people are not authorized to smoke cigarettes in the marked area. The image has the intention of deterring smokers from smoking in the smoke banned zone. The symbol in the picture is that of a lit cigarette inside a red circle with a bold red backslash symbol to signify not allowed. The global factors of this image are the red color, the lit cigarette in black, the backslash sign, the smoke emanating from the cigarette, and the color white inside the circle where the cigarette is. The local factors of this picture include the color combination is red, white and black, the size of the cigarette. Others are the boldness of the backslash no smoking symbol and the fact that the image is bold red a color that is easily seen making the image stand out and be clearly even from far. Most people associate with the red color as a sign of danger and in this case scenario smokers who see the image will know that it is not allowed to smoke in the particular area (Susan, 2015). Combining images with words and other forms of communication has proved to be most effective in passing messages. The image above could be accompanied with words stating that smoking is not allowed but it is sufficient on its own to convey the message clearly without necessitating the need to use text to accompany it (Kleinberg, 2014). Apart from serving as a warning to smokers, the image above will undoubtedly act as compliance with governing laws and regulations regarding nonsmoking facilities. These pictures also convey a message to the general public notifying them that a particular location in an environment is smoke-free and conducive for the non-smokers. It is, therefore, common to find these signs and images in public recreational parks, learning institutions, bus stations, vehicles, trains, planes, offices and workplace facilities, and even in private homes and properties (Sturken, Douglas Cartwright, 2012). Health organizations also use the symbol to create and promote awareness on the hazardous effects of cigarette smoking. They do this so as to reduce the incidences of smoking as this is a predisposing factor for chronic diseases like certain types of cancer (NSW Government health. 2015.) In the onset of fast changing technology and competitive businesses, the combination of the global and local aspects of imagery will reduce errors as both provide different information about the object. If used effectively, can propel businesses and enterprises to unrivaled heights (Jensen, 2015). References Health Direct. 2014. Smoke Free England. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/resources/guidance-and-signage/. [Accessed 12 August 2016]. Jensen, A., 2014. Local image features. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.cs.utoronto.ca/pub/jepson/teaching/vision/2503/localFeature.pdf Kleinberg, D. 2014.Modernity and the hegemony of vision. Berkeley u.a, Univ. of California Press Larsin, D., 2015. Combining local and global image features for object class recognition. Combining local and global image features for object class recognition, [Online]. Amherst, MA 01003 USA, 1-8. Available at: https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=13cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjA48_r37rOAhWHXBQKHZxBCP0QFghAMAwurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvis-www.cs.umass.edu%2Fpapers%2Flocal_global_workshop.pdfusg=AFQjCNFYcFFppYTl8pbgc9wtjYFN8O3qqwsig2=vfYhIRtU4XoIfKII6MIr8Q [Accessed 12 August 2016]. Margaret R., 2016. Image. [ONLINE] Available at: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/image. [Accessed 11 August 2016]. Moriarty Mitchell Wells Crawford Brennan Spence-stone, S. N. D. W. D. R. L. R., 2015. Advertising: Principles and practice. 3rd ed. pg. 502: Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd. Marita S. Lisa C., 2013. Practices of looking: an introduction to visual culture. NSW Government health. 2015. Smoke-free signage and resources. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/tobacco/Pages/smoke-free-resources.aspx. [Accessed 11 August 2016]. Raoui, Bouyakhf, Devy, Regragui, Y. E. M. F., 2014. Global and local image descriptors for content based image retrieval and object recognition. Applied mathematical sciences, vol. 5, 2011, no. 42, 2109 - 2136. Susan, M. 2015. Seeing Global. From: https://susanbuckmorss.info/constellation/seeing-global/ Sturken, M., Douglas, S. J., Cartwright, L. (2012).Practices of looking: an introduction to visual culture. Don Mills, Ont, Oxford.

The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch free essay sample

In biology lab we conducted an experiment in order to understand the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. For this experiment you will need a spectrophotometer, a timer, starch solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, thermometers, distilled water, several cuvettes, ice, iodine solution, pipette, notepad, and pen/ pencil for recording data. Methods The lab manuel provided the basic procedures needed for the experiment. First all materials were gathered. We poured 35ml of starch solution in a beaker and added 35ml of a buffer. This flask was the reaction flask. Then we proceeded to zero the spectrophotometer by using a blank cuvette. The blank cuvette consisted of 5ml of pH and 5 ml of distilled water. Once the spectrophotometer was zeroed 1ml of amylase was added to the reaction flask. This indicated the beginning of the reaction. After every two minutes iodine would be added to stop the reaction, and someone would immediately record the absorbancy from the spectrophotometer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was repeated in two-minute increments until twenty minutes passed. The data was recorded in a table. The same basic process was used when recording the effects of temperature. But this time the reaction flask consisted of 35ml of distilled water and 35ml of starch solution. The beaker was then placed in a heated compartment of about seventy degrees Celsius. Once the amylase was added the same process used with the first experiment was repeated and the data was recorded in a table. Introduction Enzyme kinetics is the study of rates of chemical reactions. In this experiment we set out to observe how ph and temperature would effect the reaction rate for amylase on starch. By recording the findings in the data we hope to establish an optimum ph and temperature for this reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Because proteins have three- dimensional structures they are sensitive to their environment. Temperature and pH are environmental factors that effect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature at which the reaction rate is greatest and the enzyme is most active. Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in the saliva of ones mouth. It plays a key role in human ingestion by acting on the starch found in the foods that humans consume. Because starch is insoluble amylase from the saliva is used to break it down into simpler form such as maltose. This allows human to absorb the starch. The optimum temperature for this reaction would be close to forty degrees Celsius which is very close to the body temperature of humans. The optimum ph for this reaction would be 7(neutral) because it is in your mouth. Different amylase enzymes are produced by other organisms. The amylase used in this experiment is actually one from barely seeds. This enzyme is harvested commercially from germinating barely seeds. The purpose of this experiment is to find the optimum temperature and ph for the reaction of this amylase on starch. This will be done by collecting data and calculating the reaction rates at different temperatures and pHs. The calculations will then be displayed on graphs where the optimum temperature and pH can be noticed. With no prior knowledge with the enzymes used in this experiment I predict that the optimum temperature will be forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH will be six. Based on my research the optimum temperature is about forty degrees Celsius so I am assuming that forty five degrees Celsius will be optimum. I also assume that six will be the optimum pH because it is not as acidic as the other pHs. The alternative hypotheses might be that the optimum temperature is greater than forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH is 4, which is the most acidic. This experiment is designed to give students first hand experience in defining optimum temperatures and pHs for enzymes. It is known that the optimal temperatures and pHs vary between enzymes. Now we must use data and calculate the optimal pH and temperatures of enzymes ourselves. The will undoubtedly be errors due to limited accuracy but the overall outcome of the experiments should be the same. These basic concepts of gathering data and expressing them in tables and charts are essential to many of the basic concepts used in biology for displaying data. It is also important that we become familiar with enzymatic activity because it has so much to with the everyday world that we live in from the food that we eat, to medicines that we take, and even in nature. Most of the processes that occur in humans are endothermic, and without enzymes lowering the activation energy t would be difficult for life to exist. Enzymatic activity is a microscopic process that effects our lives everyday. Results The data in the experiment show that the optimum pH for amylase on starch is 5 and the optimum temperature is forty-five degrees Celsius. The greatest change in delta A occurred at forty five degrees Celsius and fifty five degrees Celsius. These two values also had the highest reaction rates. However, the greatest change in delta A occurred at ph of 4. 5 and that was not the optimum pH. There was probably an error that occurred in the experiment that can explain this. Discussion The results of the experiment disproved part of my hypothesis. The results for temperature were consistent and supported my hypotheses. Although, I was correct in assuming that the optimum temperature would be forty-five degrees Celsius, I was wrong about the optimum pH. The experiment showed that the optimum pH was five and not six. This shows that the amylase works better in a slightly more acidic pH than I thought. As the amylase was breaking down the starch the outside physical environment was affecting the reaction rate. Heat causes the reaction rate to speed up and more substrates and enzymes can bind. But this is only to a certain extent. The optimal heat of a reaction is limited. After the optimum heat the enzymes will get overheated, change shape, and denature as can be observed from the graphs. The same applies for the optimal pH. After the enzyme has reached the optimal pH it will begin to denature as well. The only difference is that the reaction rates for enzymes are much more limited by pH that by temperature. At very low temperature enzymes are inactive. Heat increases enzymatic activity to its optimum point. However, pH has little or no activity until it is near the optimal ph. One can observe this by the differences of the two curves that are drawn. There some miscalculations found while graphing the data which were probably due to human error. But graphing a line of best fit helped to solve the problem. Bibliography Vliet,K. A. (ed). 1996. A laboratory Manuel for Integrated principles of Biology; Part One-BSC2010L, Ginn Press, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, Campbell, Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. , Redwood City California The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch free essay sample In biology lab we conducted an experiment in order to understand the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. For this experiment you will need a spectrophotometer, a timer, starch solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, thermometers, distilled water, several cuvettes, ice, iodine solution, pipette, notepad, and pen/ pencil for recording data. Methods The lab manuel provided the basic procedures needed for the experiment. First all materials were gathered. We poured 35ml of starch solution in a beaker and added 35ml of a buffer. This flask was the reaction flask. Then we proceeded to zero the spectrophotometer by using a blank cuvette. The blank cuvette consisted of 5ml of pH and 5 ml of distilled water. Once the spectrophotometer was zeroed 1ml of amylase was added to the reaction flask. This indicated the beginning of the reaction. After every two minutes iodine would be added to stop the reaction, and someone would immediately record the absorbancy from the spectrophotometer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was repeated in two-minute increments until twenty minutes passed. The data was recorded in a table. The same basic process was used when recording the effects of temperature. But this time the reaction flask consisted of 35ml of distilled water and 35ml of starch solution. The beaker was then placed in a heated compartment of about seventy degrees Celsius. Once the amylase was added the same process used with the first experiment was repeated and the data was recorded in a table. Introduction Enzyme kinetics is the study of rates of chemical reactions. In this experiment we set out to observe how ph and temperature would effect the reaction rate for amylase on starch. By recording the findings in the data we hope to establish an optimum ph and temperature for this reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Because proteins have three- dimensional structures they are sensitive to their environment. Temperature and pH are environmental factors that effect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature at which the reaction rate is greatest and the enzyme is most active. Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in the saliva of ones mouth. It plays a key role in human ingestion by acting on the starch found in the foods that humans consume. Because starch is insoluble amylase from the saliva is used to break it down into simpler form such as maltose. This allows human to absorb the starch. The optimum temperature for this reaction would be close to forty degrees Celsius which is very close to the body temperature of humans. The optimum ph for this reaction would be 7(neutral) because it is in your mouth. Different amylase enzymes are produced by other organisms. The amylase used in this experiment is actually one from barely seeds. This enzyme is harvested commercially from germinating barely seeds. The purpose of this experiment is to find the optimum temperature and ph for the reaction of this amylase on starch. This will be done by collecting data and calculating the reaction rates at different temperatures and pHs. The calculations will then be displayed on graphs where the optimum temperature and pH can be noticed. With no prior knowledge with the enzymes used in this experiment I predict that the optimum temperature will be forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH will be six. Based on my research the optimum temperature is about forty degrees Celsius so I am assuming that forty five degrees Celsius will be optimum. I also assume that six will be the optimum pH because it is not as acidic as the other pHs. The alternative hypotheses might be that the optimum temperature is greater than forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH is 4, which is the most acidic. This experiment is designed to give students first hand experience in defining optimum temperatures and pHs for enzymes. It is known that the optimal temperatures and pHs vary between enzymes. Now we must use data and calculate the optimal pH and temperatures of enzymes ourselves. The will undoubtedly be errors due to limited accuracy but the overall outcome of the experiments should be the same. These basic concepts of gathering data and expressing them in tables and charts are essential to many of the basic concepts used in biology for displaying data. It is also important that we become familiar with enzymatic activity because it has so much to with the everyday world that we live in from the food that we eat, to medicines that we take, and even in nature. Most of the processes that occur in humans are endothermic, and without enzymes lowering the activation energy t would be difficult for life to exist. Enzymatic activity is a microscopic process that effects our lives everyday. Results The data in the experiment show that the optimum pH for amylase on starch is 5 and the optimum temperature is forty-five degrees Celsius. The greatest change in delta A occurred at forty five degrees Celsius and fifty five degrees Celsius. These two values also had the highest reaction rates. However, the greatest change in delta A occurred at ph of 4. 5 and that was not the optimum pH. There was probably an error that occurred in the experiment that can explain this. Discussion The results of the experiment disproved part of my hypothesis. The results for temperature were consistent and supported my hypotheses. Although, I was correct in assuming that the optimum temperature would be forty-five degrees Celsius, I was wrong about the optimum pH. The experiment showed that the optimum pH was five and not six. This shows that the amylase works better in a slightly more acidic pH than I thought. As the amylase was breaking down the starch the outside physical environment was affecting the reaction rate. Heat causes the reaction rate to speed up and more substrates and enzymes can bind. But this is only to a certain extent. The optimal heat of a reaction is limited. After the optimum heat the enzymes will get overheated, change shape, and denature as can be observed from the graphs. The same applies for the optimal pH. After the enzyme has reached the optimal pH it will begin to denature as well. The only difference is that the reaction rates for enzymes are much more limited by pH that by temperature. At very low temperature enzymes are inactive. Heat increases enzymatic activity to its optimum point. However, pH has little or no activity until it is near the optimal ph. One can observe this by the differences of the two curves that are drawn. There some miscalculations found while graphing the data which were probably due to human error. But graphing a line of best fit helped to solve the problem. Bibliography Vliet,K. A. (ed). 1996. A laboratory Manuel for Integrated principles of Biology; Part One-BSC2010L, Ginn Press, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, Campbell, Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. , Redwood City California